OldLip

Masoud, Ahmad Shah

2005-04-04T22:50:00.000-07:00

Afghan resistance leader and politician (b. 1953, Bazarak, Afg.—death reported on Sept. 15, 2001, Takhar, Afg.), was a military leader in the Afghan mujahideen, first against the Soviets and the Soviet-backed Afghan government (1978–89) and then against the Taliban (from 1992). Masoud, an ethnic Tajik, studied engineering before the Soviet intervention in Afghanistan and then moved to Pakistan for military

United Nations

2005-04-03T19:44:00.000-07:00

Under an agreement signed on July 3 on Governors Island, N.Y., by Lieut. Gen. Raoul Cédras, the Haitian army commander, and the Rev. Jean-Bertrand Aristide, the president deposed in September 1991, UN personnel were supposed to help the transition to democratic government by separating the police force from the army. On October 11, however, 40 or 50 "toughs" protected by police prevented

Icarus

2005-04-01T21:54:00.000-08:00

In Greek mythology, son of the inventor Daedalus who perished by flying too near the Sun with waxen wings. See Daedalus.

Kharijah, Al-

2005-04-01T09:56:00.000-08:00

Town, capital of the muhafazah (governorate) of Al-Wadi al-Jadid (Arabic: “New Valley”) and chief town of Al-Kharijah (Kharga) oasis, Egypt. The town's history dates back to the 25th dynasty (c. 750–656 BC), though inscriptions record that the oasis was a place for political exiles from Thebes in the 21st dynasty (c. 1075–c. 945 BC). The town flourished under Persian and Roman rule, and there are extensive ruins of those

Amorphous Solid, Models of atomic scale structures

2005-03-31T09:59:00.000-08:00

Amorphous solids, like crystalline solids, exhibit a wide variety of atomic-scale structures. Most of these can be recognized as falling within one or another of three broad classes of structure associated with the following models: (1) the continuous random-network model, applicable to covalently bonded glasses, such as amorphous silicon and the oxide glasses, (2) the

Icarus

2005-03-30T20:29:00.000-08:00

Thomas E. Watson,

Chile, Political uncertainty, 192038

2005-03-29T20:43:00.000-08:00

In the decade following World War I, falling saltpetre sales and rising inflation fueled dissatisfaction among the middle and working classes. They supported the election of the reformist president Arturo Alessandri Palma in 1920. When the legislature blocked his initiatives, discontent spread to middle-class army officers. They intervened in 1924 to force parliamentary

Spanish Literature, Drama

2005-03-29T14:43:00.000-08:00

With the new century, drama achieved renewed vigour under the stimulus of Jacinto Benavente y Martínez, a prolific playwright noted for his craftsmanship and wit. A social satirist preoccupied with ethics, Benavente stopped short of alienating the sympathies of his devoted upper-class public, as, for example, in Los intereses creados (1907; The Bonds of Interest). The bourgeois

Szczecinek

2005-03-26T09:18:00.000-08:00

Szczecinek is the commercial centre for the surrounding district; its industry includes dairying,

Rouergue

2005-03-25T07:33:00.000-08:00

Ancient province of south central France, corresponding to much of the modern départements of Aveyron and Tarn-et-Garonne. It was bounded on the north by Auvergne, on the south and southwest by Languedoc, on the east by Gévaudan and the Cévennes mountains, and on the west by Quercy. It derived its name from the Gallic tribe of Rutheni. Administratively it formed first

Karakum Desert

2005-03-24T16:27:00.000-08:00

Also spelled Kara-Kum , Turkmen Garagum or Gara Gum (“Black Sand”) , Russian Karakumy great sandy region in Central Asia. It occupies about 70 percent of the area of Turkmenistan. Another, smaller desert in Kazakhstan near the Aral Sea is called the Aral Karakum.

Iapetus

2005-03-23T06:54:00.000-08:00

Exterior moon in the Saturn system, extraordinary because of its surface markings. Discovered by Gian Domenico Cassini in 1671, Iapetus orbits Saturn once every 79.33 Earth days at a distance of 3,561,000 km (2,212,800 miles). The satellite's radius and mass are, respectively, 730 ± 10 km (454 ± 6 miles) and 1.88 ± 0.12 ´ 1024 grams, implying a bulk density of 1.16 ± 0.09 grams per cubic centimetre. A solid object with so low a density must be composed

Goblin

2005-03-23T00:36:00.000-08:00

In Western folklore, a wandering sprite that is usually mischievous but often malicious. Goblins supposedly live in grottoes but attach themselves to households, where they are believed to bang upon pots and pans, snatch nightclothes off the bodies of sleeping people, move furniture at night, and flee after rapping on walls and doors. They are

Paekche

2005-03-21T07:11:00.000-08:00

One of three kingdoms into which ancient Korea was divided before 660. Occupying the southwestern tip of the Korean peninsula, Paekche is traditionally said to have been founded in 18 BC in the Kwangju area by a legendary leader named Onjo. By the 3rd century AD, during the reign of King Koi (234–286), Paekche emerged as a fully developed kingdom. By the reign of King Kunch'ogo (346–375), it had established

Photography, Technology Of, Gamma radiography

2005-03-21T04:52:00.000-08:00

The technique of gamma-ray radiography is similar to that of X-ray radiography except that it relies on rays emitted by radioactive substances. Gamma rays have wavelengths from 100 to 1,000 times shorter than X rays and correspondingly greater penetrating power. Small gamma-ray sources are placed in areas inaccessible to X-ray tubes, such as inside pipelines. In all radiographic

Earth Sciences

2005-03-19T20:05:00.000-08:00

The Triassic Period marked the beginning of major changes that were to take place throughout the Mesozoic Era, particularly in the distribution of continents,

Amursk

2005-03-19T16:33:00.000-08:00

City, Khabarovsk kray (region), far eastern Russia. It lies on the left bank of the Amur River, 25 miles (40 km) south of Komsomolsk-na-Amure. Founded in 1958, Amursk became one of the fastest growing towns in the far eastern Soviet Union. Its wood-processing complex, opened in 1967, is one of the largest in Russia and produces wood pulp, container board, and fibreboard. The industry is expected

Wild Boar

2005-03-18T02:04:00.000-08:00

Also called Wild Pig, any of the wild members of the pig species Sus scrofa (family Suidae, order Artiodactyla), the ancestors of domestic pigs. See boar.

China, Constitutional movements after 1905

2005-03-16T17:21:00.000-08:00

Japan's victory in the Russo-Japanese War (1904–05) aroused a cry for constitutionalism in China. Unable to resist the intensifying demand, the court decided in September 1906 to adopt a constitution, and in November it reorganized the traditional six boards into 11 ministries in an attempt to modernize the central government. It promised to open consultative provincial assemblies

Mauguin, Charles

2005-03-16T07:23:00.000-08:00

Mauguin was educated at the École Normale Supérieure in Paris, and in 1919 he joined the Faculty of Sciences

Saint Clair's Defeat

2005-03-16T02:43:00.000-08:00

(November 4, 1791), one of the worst defeats ever suffered by U.S. forces in Indian warfare, precipitated by British-Indian confrontation with settlers and militia in the Northwest Territory following the American Revolution. Despite specific provisions in the Treaty of 1783 for the evacuation of its forts on the northwestern border, Britain had failed to yield these lucrative

Lithuania

2005-03-15T17:32:00.000-08:00

Adapting his administrative

Newton

2005-03-15T05:56:00.000-08:00

City, seat (1872) of Harvey county, central Kansas, U.S. Founded in 1871 and named for Newton, Massachusetts, it was a railhead for the Chisholm Trail cattle drives from 1871 to 1873, when it was designated a division point of the Santa Fe Railroad. In the 1870s Russian Mennonite settlers began raising Turkey Red hard winter wheat brought from their homeland, and this variety became Kansas's principal

Szymanowski, Karol

2005-03-14T14:58:00.000-08:00

Szymanowski began to compose and play the piano at an early age. In 1901 he went to Warsaw and studied harmony, counterpoint, and composition privately until 1904. Finding the musical life in Warsaw limiting, he went to Berlin, where he organized the Young Polish

Steatite

2005-03-12T08:53:00.000-08:00

Compact form of talc (q.v.).

Austin College

2005-03-12T03:44:00.000-08:00

Private, coeducational institution of higher education in Sherman, Texas, U.S. Austin, a liberal arts college, is affiliated with the Presbyterian Church (U.S.A.). The college offers bachelor's degree programs in humanities, math and science, and social sciences, as well as interdisciplinary and area studies programs. A master's degree in education is also available. Students

Anhydride

2005-03-12T02:53:00.000-08:00

Any chemical compound obtained, either in practice or in principle, by the elimination of water from another compound. Examples of inorganic anhydrides are sulfur trioxide, SO3, which is derived from sulfuric acid, and calcium oxide, CaO, derived from calcium hydroxide. Sulfur trioxide and other oxides formed by the removal of water from an acid are often called acid

Rabelais, François

2005-03-11T22:29:00.000-08:00

Donald M. Frame, François Rabelais: A Study (1977), is an excellent introduction. M.A. Screech, Rabelais (1979), is a study of his entire oeuvre; while Dorothy Gabe Coleman, Rabelais (1971), focuses on his prose fiction. Mikhail Bakhtin, Rabelais and His World (1968, reissued 1984), makes a connection between Rabelais's imagery and folk humour. Religious aspects are discussed in Screech, The Rabelaisian Marriage: Aspects of Rabelais's Religion, Ethics & Comic Philosophy (1958), and Rabelais and the Challenge of the Gospel (1992); A.J. Krailsheimer, Rabelais and the Franciscans (1963); and Lucien Febvre, The Problem of Unbelief in the Sixteenth Century: The Religion of Rabelais (1982), which sets him in the context of his age.

Intellectual-property Law

2005-03-10T21:03:00.000-08:00

The legal regulations governing an individual's or an organization's right to control the use or dissemination of ideas or information. Various systems of legal rules exist that empower persons and organizations to exercise such control. Copyright law confers upon the creators of “original forms of expression” (e.g., books, movies, musical compositions, and works

Jhering, Rudolf Von

2005-03-10T07:35:00.000-08:00

Jhering taught Roman

Indian Philosophy, Relation to the Mimamsa-sutras

2005-03-09T09:26:00.000-08:00

Along with Badari and Jaimini, Badarayana, a contemporary of Jaimini, was the other major interpreter of Vedic thought. Just as the Mimamsa-sutra traditions of Badari's tradition were revived by Prabhakara, a 7th–8th-century scholar, and Jaimini's defended by Sabara and Kumarila, a 7th–8th-century scholar, Baharayana's sutras laid the basis for the development of Vedanta philosophy. The relation

China, Decline of the aristocracy

2005-03-08T07:02:00.000-08:00

The late T'ang period saw the beginnings of social changes that did not reach their culmination until the 11th century. The most important of these was the change in the nature of the ruling class. Although from the early T'ang era the examination system had facilitated the recruitment into the higher ranks of the bureaucracy of persons from lesser aristocratic families,

Bruni, Leonardo

2005-03-08T02:42:00.000-08:00

Bruni was secretary to the papal chancery from 1405 and served as chancellor of Florence from 1427 until his death in 1444. His Historiarum Florentini populi libri XII (1610; “Twelve Books of Histories of the Florentine People”) is the first history of Florence based on a critical examination of the

China, Decline of the aristocracy

2005-03-07T17:42:00.000-08:00

Cystic fibrosis is the most common inherited disorder affecting people of European ancestry. It is estimated to occur in 1 per 2,000 live births in these populations and is particularly concentrated

Protein, Other approaches to the determination of protein structure

2005-03-07T07:23:00.000-08:00

None of the several other physical methods that have been used to obtain information on the secondary and tertiary structure of proteins provides as much direct information as the X-ray diffraction technique. Most of the techniques, however, are much more simple than X-ray diffraction, which requires, for the resolution of the structure of one protein, many years

Abraham Lincoln Battalion

2005-03-06T13:58:00.000-08:00

A force of volunteers from the United States who served on the Republican side in the Spanish Civil War from January 1937 until November 1938. All seven International Brigades (q.v.)—each composed of three or more battalions—were formed by the Comintern (Communist International), beginning in late 1936, and all were disbanded by late 1938 as the war neared an end. Like the European battalions,

Norfolk

2005-03-05T23:48:00.000-08:00

City, Madison county, northeastern Nebraska, U.S., on the north fork of the Elkhorn River. Settled in 1866 by German farmers from Xonia and Watertown, Wis., its name, originally proposed as North Fork, was abbreviated to Norfork and then changed by the post office to Norfolk. The economy depends primarily on agriculture (grain and livestock) and food processing, augmented by manufacturing

Indian Museum

2005-03-04T16:20:00.000-08:00

In Calcutta, oldest museum in India and one of the most comprehensive in the Orient; its collections depict the cultural history of India from prehistoric to Muslim times. The present building, opened in 1875, comprises sections devoted to geology, zoology, industry, archaeology, art, and ethnology. The coin room contains the largest collection of Indian coins in the

Kidder, Alfred V(incent)

2005-03-04T09:33:00.000-08:00

In 1907 Kidder began his career of fieldwork with studies in Utah, Colorado, and New Mexico. He received his Ph.D. from Harvard University

Ardagh Chalice

2005-03-03T18:16:00.000-08:00

Large, two-handled silver cup, decorated with gold, gilt bronze, and enamel, one of the best-known examples of Irish ecclesiastical metalwork. It was discovered in 1868, together with a small bronze cup and four brooches, in a potato field in Ardagh, County Limerick, Ire. The decoration consists mainly of panels of fine gold and silver filigree applied to the otherwise plain

Mineral, Halides

2005-03-02T19:08:00.000-08:00

Members of this class are distinguished by the large-sized anions of the halogens chlorine, bromine, iodine, and fluorine. The ions carry a charge of negative one and easily become distorted in the presence of strongly charged bodies. When associated with rather large, weakly polarizing cations of low charge, such as those of the alkali metals, both anions and cations

Tuwim, Julian

2005-03-02T15:04:00.000-08:00

Closely associated with and cofounder of Skamander, Tuwim began his career in 1915 with the publication of a flamboyant Futurist manifesto that created a scandal. His poetry was marked by explosive energy,

Dzhizak

2005-03-01T16:24:00.000-08:00

City, eastern Uzbekistan. The city is located in a small oasis irrigated by the Sanzar River, northeast of Samarkand. One of the most ancient settlements of Uzbekistan, it was situated on the trade routes to the Mediterranean near Tamerlane's Gates, the only convenient passage through the Nuratau Mountains to the Zeravshan River valley. Today the city processes cotton

Metalwork, Pre-Columbian

2005-02-28T14:43:00.000-08:00

In pre-Columbian America, gold, silver, and copper were the principal metals that were worked, with tin, lead, and platinum used less frequently. When the Spaniards arrived in the New World in the 16th century, they found a wide range of well-developed technical skills in fine metalwork in Mexico, Costa Rica, Panama, and the Andean region. They had very little to offer the Indian

Akron

2005-02-28T06:11:00.000-08:00

City, seat (1842) of Summit county, northeastern Ohio, U.S. It lies along the Cuyahoga River, 41 miles (66 km) south-southeast of Cleveland. Akron is the centre of a metropolitan area that includes the cities of Cuyahoga Falls, Tallmadge, and Stow and several villages. At 1,200 feet (370 m) above sea level, it was named for its “high place” (Greek: akros) on the watershed between the Mississippi River and

Islam, The legacy of Muhammad

2005-02-27T17:24:00.000-08:00

From the very beginning of Islam, Muhammad had inculcated a sense of brotherhood and a bond of faith among his followers, both of which helped to develop among them a feeling of close relationship that was accentuated by their experiences of persecution as a nascent community in Mecca. The strong attachment to the tenets of the Qur'anic revelation and the conspicuous

Antarctica, The Antarctic Treaty

2005-02-26T11:44:00.000-08:00

With the ending of IGY the threat arose that the moratorium too would end, letting the carefully worked out Antarctic structure collapse into its pre-IGY chaos. In the fall of 1957 the U.S. Department of State reviewed its Antarctic policy and sounded out agreements with the 11 other governments with Antarctic interests. On May 2, 1958, President Dwight D. Eisenhower issued identical

Gastronomy, Scandinavian

2005-02-25T23:56:00.000-08:00

Sweden's great contribution to international eating is the smorgasbord, literally a “bread-and-butter

New Castile

2005-02-25T19:39:00.000-08:00

Spanish Castilla La Nueva, historic provincial region, central upland Spain. It generally includes the area of the Moorish kingdom of Toledo annexed to the former kingdom of Castile in the 11th century AD. In modern Spanish geographic usage, New Castile as an administrative region included the provinces of Ciudad Real, Cuenca, Guadalajara, Madrid, and Toledo. Its area was 27,940 square miles (72,363 square km).

Shagari, Alhaji Shehu (usman Aliyu)

2005-02-24T18:41:00.000-08:00

A member of the Muslim Fulani people of northern Nigeria and a descendant of a tribe that had founded his home village, Shagari studied at a secondary school in Kaduna and taught school briefly before entering politics in 1954 and being elected to the federal House of Representatives. Thereafter

Subud

2005-02-23T18:42:00.000-08:00

Religious movement, based on spontaneous and ecstatic exercises, founded by an Indonesian, Muhammad Subuh, called Bapak. A student of Sufism (Islamic mysticism) as a youth, Bapak had a powerful mystical experience in 1925, and in 1933 he claimed that the mission to found the Subud movement was revealed to him. The movement was restricted to Indonesia until the 1950s, when it spread to Europe

Vignola, Giacomo Da

2005-02-23T18:30:00.000-08:00

After studying in Bologna, Vignola went to Rome in the 1530s and made drawings of the antiquities for a projected edition of Vitruvius' treatise

Shensi, Relief and drainage

2005-02-22T06:31:00.000-08:00

The mountainous southern region forms the drainage area of the upper Han River, which is a northern tributary of the Yangtze. The Han flows between two mountain complexes that structurally form part of a great, single

Integument, Amphibians

2005-02-21T21:12:00.000-08:00

Most modern amphibians lack horny scales or other protective devices. An exception is seen in the caecilians, a small group that has fishlike scales similar to those possessed by ancient and extinct forms. The amphibian epidermis has five to seven layers of cells formed from a basal stratum germinativum. At the skin surface, in contact with the external environment,

Backhuysen, Ludolf

2005-02-21T20:49:00.000-08:00

Backhuysen studied under the Dutch painters Allart van Everdingen and Hendrik Dubbels. His numerous compositions are nearly all variations of marine themes, in a style peculiarly his own, marked by intense realism. In his later years Backhuysen employed his time in etching

Appleton, Sir Edward Victor

2005-02-20T14:48:00.000-08:00

Educated

Perseus

2005-02-19T18:45:00.000-08:00

The elder son of King Philip V of Macedonia, Perseus commanded troops in his father's wars against Rome (199) and Aetolia (189). After three years of intriguing against his brother Demetrius, accusing

Clothing

2005-02-18T23:13:00.000-08:00

Also called Clothes, garments for the human body. See dress.

Biblical Literature, The significance of Elisha

2005-02-18T13:05:00.000-08:00

The stories of Elijah and his successor, Elisha, are of a different literary genre from the historical accounts of the political developments of the 9th century. The historical accounts are based on the viewpoints and biases of the monarchy, nobility, and military leaders. The stories of Elijah and Elisha are legendary, popular accounts, probably having arisen among

Fiddle

2005-02-17T13:41:00.000-08:00

German Fiedel, French Vielle, medieval European bowed, stringed musical instrument. The medieval fiddle, a forerunner of the violin, emerged in 10th-century Europe, possibly deriving from the lira, a Byzantine version of the rabab, an Arab bowed instrument. Medieval fiddles varied in size and shape but characteristically had front or back tuning pegs set in a flat and round or heart-shaped peg disk

Lowin, John

2005-02-17T00:18:00.000-08:00

Lowin was the son of a carpenter. He worked as a goldsmith's apprentice for eight years and then joined the Earl of Worcester's Men as an actor in 1602. By 1603 he was a member of the King's Men. He is known to have specialized in the roles of comic soldiers as well as downright villains.

Greek Religion, The Hellenistic period

2005-02-16T01:17:00.000-08:00

Greek religion, having no creed, did not proselytize. In the heyday of the polis, the Greek religion was spread by the founding of new poleis, whose colonists took with them part of the sacred fire from the hearth of the mother city and the cults of the city's gods. (“Heroes,” being essentially bound to the territory in which they were buried, had to be left behind.) There was a tendency

Fibula

2005-02-15T07:36:00.000-08:00

Greek fibulae from the 7th century BC were elaborately decorated along the long catch plate: rows of animals, such as ducks, lions, and sphinxes, might be soldered on, or a frieze of animals might be worked

'abd Al-mu'min

2005-02-14T19:21:00.000-08:00

In full 'Abd al-Mu'min ibn 'Ali Berber caliph of the Almohad dynasty (reigned 1130–63), who conquered the North African Maghrib from the Almoravids andbrought all the Berbers under one rule.

Anatolian Languages

2005-02-14T18:55:00.000-08:00

Extinct Indo-European and non-Indo-European languages spoken in Anatolia from sometime in the 3rd millenium BC until the early centuries of the present era, when they were gradually supplanted by Greek. The Anatolian languages are known only from texts of the 2nd and 1st millennia BC; the earliest evidence is that of the so-called Cappadocian tablets (19th–18th centuries BC). The

Usufruct

2005-02-13T06:55:00.000-08:00

In Roman-based legal systems, the temporary right to the use and enjoyment of the property of another, without changing the character of the property. This legal concept developed in Roman law and found significant application in the determination of the property interests between a slave held under a usus fructus (Latin: “use and enjoyment”) bond and a temporary master.

Maderno, Carlo

2005-02-12T15:58:00.000-08:00

Maderno began his architectural career in Rome assisting his uncle Domenico Fontana. His first major Roman commission, the facade of Santa Susanna (1597–1603), led to his appointment in 1603 as the chief architect for Saint Peter's. In 1607 he designed the nave

Philip

2005-02-12T05:54:00.000-08:00

The youngest son of the Holy Roman emperor Frederick I Barbarossa, Philip was destined for the church. After being provost of the cathedral at Aachen, he was, in 1190 or 1191, elected bishop of Würzburg. Shortly after the death of his brother Frederick

Op Art

2005-02-11T15:15:00.000-08:00

Also called optical art branch of mid-20th-century geometric, abstract art that deals with optical illusion. Achieved through the systematic and precise manipulation of shapes and colours, the effects of Op art can be based either on perspective illusion or on chromatic tension; in painting, the dominant medium of Op art, the surface tension is usually maximized to the point at which an actual

Venezuela, Gulf Of

2005-02-11T05:44:00.000-08:00

Spanish Golfo De Venezuela, inlet of the Caribbean Sea in Venezuela and Colombia, extending 75 miles (120 km) north-south and reaching a maximum east-west width of 150 miles (240 km). It is bounded by the Guajira Peninsula on the west and by the Paraguaná Peninsula on the east and is connected with Lake Maracaibo to the south through Tablazo Bay and a channel 35 feet (11 m) deep near the city of Maracaibo. The gulf is surrounded

Hohenwart, Karl Siegmund, Graf Von

2005-02-10T01:25:00.000-08:00

After service in the provincial administrations of Carniola (now in Slovenia) and Trentino, Italy, Hohenwart was appointed Statthalter (governor) of Upper Austria (1868). A Roman Catholic partisan in politics and an opponent of governmental centralization, he was appointed

Quintero, José

2005-02-09T05:51:00.000-08:00

In full José Benjamin Quintero theatrical director and founder of Circle in the Square Theatre in New York City's Greenwich Village, the theatre whose productions sparked the growth of off Broadway into a nationally important theatre movement. Quintero's stagings of the plays of Eugene O'Neill brought about a worldwide rebirth of interest

Balczó, András

2005-02-08T21:26:00.000-08:00

A strong swimmer and runner and a consistent fencer, Balczó won individual championships in 1963, 1965–67, and 1969. He also won five team championships with the Hungarian team. He was less fortunate in Olympic

Scanlon, John Patrick

2005-02-08T13:22:00.000-08:00

American public relations consultant (b. Feb. 27, 1935, New York, N.Y.—d. May 4, 2001, New York), specialized in representing high-profile and often controversial clients. He worked as a press spokesman for various New York City government agencies and corporations before embarking on a career as an independent consultant. Among other notable clients, Scanlon represented the tobacco

General Council Of Congregational Christian Churches

2005-02-07T15:17:00.000-08:00

The Congregational churches developed from the churches established by the settlers at Plymouth,

Cern

2005-02-06T23:13:00.000-08:00

Byname of Organisation Européene pour la Recherche Nucléaire, formerly (1952–54) Conseil Européen pour la Recherche Nucléaire, English European Organization for Nuclear Research, international scientific organization established for the purpose of collaborative research into subnuclear physics (also called high-energy, or particle, physics). The organization operates expressly for research of a “pure scientific and fundamental character,” and the results of its experimental and theoretical work are made generally available. Headquarters

Norway, Daily life and social customs

2005-02-06T22:25:00.000-08:00

Although Norway is in most ways very modern, it has maintained many of its traditions. Storytelling and folklore, in which trolls play a prominent role, are still common. On festive occasions folk costumes are worn and folk singing is performed—especially on Grunnlovsdagen (Constitution Day), commonly called Syttende Mai (May 17), the date of its celebration. Other popular

Magnus Ii Eriksson

2005-02-05T05:27:00.000-08:00

The son of Ingeborg, daughter of the Norwegian king Haakon V, and of Duke Erik, brother of the Swedish king Birger Magnusson, Magnus was

Rhythm And Blues

2005-02-04T17:51:00.000-08:00

Also called rhythm & blues or R&B term used for several types of postwar African-American popular music, as well as for some white rock music derived from it. The term was coined by Jerry Wexler in 1947, when he was editing the charts at the trade journal Billboard and found that the record companies issuing black popular music considered the chart names then in use (Harlem Hit Parade, Sepia, Race) to be demeaning.

Maudslay, Henry

2005-02-03T17:21:00.000-08:00

The son of a workman at the Woolwich Arsenal, Maudslay was apprenticed to Joseph Bramah, who manufactured locks. Maudslay soon became Bramah's foreman, but, when refused an increase in pay, he left to go into business for himself. His first job was construction of machinery

Magnus Ii Eriksson

2005-02-03T17:20:00.000-08:00

Organization that seeks to promote free trade and economic cooperation throughout the Asia-Pacific region. Established in 1989 in response to the growing interdependence of Asia-Pacific economies and the advent of regional economic blocs (such as the European Union and the North American Free Trade Area) in other parts of the world, APEC works to raise living standards

Korsakov

2005-02-03T14:59:00.000-08:00

City, Sakhalin oblast (province), far eastern Russia. It lies in the southern part of Sakhalin Island on the Aniva Gulf. Founded in 1853 as a fortified post, it was the first Russian military post on the island. Its port opened in 1909. The settlement was ruled by Japan from 1905 to 1945 and was called Otomari. In 1946 it became a city and was given its present name. It is the largest port on the island, with

Arabian Sea

2005-02-01T23:55:00.000-08:00

To medieval Arabs the Arabian Sea was known as the Sea of India or as part of the “Great Sea,” from which smaller gulfs such as the Sea of Faris (Persian Gulf) or Sea of Kolzum (Red Sea) were distinguished. From about the 8th or 9th century onward, Arab and Persian seafarers learned to use the surface currents propelled by the summer and winter monsoon winds. Detailed navigational

Capital

2005-01-31T19:54:00.000-08:00

Two simple forms of the capital are a square wooden block called an abacus, placed

Barak, Ehud

2005-01-31T00:38:00.000-08:00

Barak was born in a kibbutz that had been founded by his father, an emigrant from Lithuania, in 1932. Barak was drafted into the Israel Defense Forces in 1959, thus beginning a distinguished military career (he changed his name at this time). He

Interior Design, Late medieval Europe

2005-01-30T07:38:00.000-08:00

During the 12th and 13th centuries those who had taken part in the Crusades learned something of luxurious living in the Near East, and as a more secure way of life was becoming possible at home, they began to improve their own living conditions. The castle slowly evolved into the manor house. Household equipment became more elaborate and important, no doubt partly because

Checkerwork

2005-01-30T05:18:00.000-08:00

In architecture, masonry built of two materials, usually stone and flint or stone and brick, so arranged as to make a checkerboard pattern and to give variety in texture and colour. Stone and flint checkerwork is common in the parish churches and smaller houses of East Anglia, England; and both combinations were much used after the Reformation, when the suppressed

Channel Islands

2005-01-29T04:57:00.000-08:00

Also called Santa Barbara Islands island chain extending some 150 miles (240 km) along, and about 12–70 miles (20–115 km) off, the Pacific coast of southern California. The islands form two groups. The Santa Barbara group, to the north, is separated from the mainland by the Santa Barbara Channel and includes San Miguel Island, Santa Rosa Island, Santa Cruz Island, and Anacapa, a group of three small islets. The Santa Catalina group

Monchegorsk

2005-01-28T07:00:00.000-08:00

Also spelled Moncegorsk, town, Murmansk oblast (province), northwestern Russia, on the banks of Lake Imandra. The town developed through the exploitation of local copper and nickel deposits in the 1930s and was incorporated in 1937. Now it is a centre of this industry, and it also has fishery and forestry industries. Pop. (1991 est.) 72,900.

Médéa

2005-01-27T23:24:00.000-08:00

Also called Lemdiyya, town, north-central Algeria. It is situated on a plateau 56 miles (90 km) south of Algiers. Shadowed by Mount Nador (3,693 feet [1,126 m]) to the northwest, the town is surrounded by fertile, well-watered soil that forms the watershed for the Chelif River and the Wadis Chiffa and Isser. Located on the site of Lambdia, a Roman military post, Médéa was founded in the 10th century by Yusuf Buluggin I ibn

Anson, George Anson, Baron

2005-01-27T13:29:00.000-08:00

Anson entered the Royal Navy

China, Seizure of power

2005-01-26T15:55:00.000-08:00

The period from mid-1966 to early 1969 constituted the Red Guard phase of the Cultural Revolution, and these years in turn included several important turning points. The latter half of 1966 witnessed not only the Red Guard mobilization (including Red Guard reviews of more than 1,000,000 youths at a time by Mao Zedong and Lin Biao in Peking) but also the removal from power of key Political Bureau

Alessandro

2005-01-25T02:55:00.000-08:00

Alessandro was an illegitimate child, whose paternity is ascribed either to Lorenzo de' Medici (1492–1519), Duke di Urbino, or, with more likelihood, to Cardinal Giulio, nephew of Lorenzo the Magnificent. Cardinal Giulio received the lordship of Florence in 1519; but, upon being elected pope in 1523 (Clement VII), he made Silvio, Cardinal

Hughes, Charles Evans

2005-01-24T21:39:00.000-08:00

A member of a major New York City

Ghazipur

2005-01-24T18:55:00.000-08:00

Town, administrative headquarters of Ghazipur district, Uttar Pradesh state, northern India, northeast of Varanasi (Benares), on the Ganges River. Its ancient name of Gadhipur was changed to Ghazipur in about 1330, reputedly in honour of Ghazi Malik, a Muslim ruler. The town was a strategically important river port under the British, whose former cantonment now contains a college, a

Anthelmintic

2005-01-24T07:05:00.000-08:00

Most of the anthelmintics

Goliad

2005-01-22T20:57:00.000-08:00

Historic city, seat (1837) of Goliad county, southern Texas, U.S., near the San Antonio River, 85 miles (137 km) southeast of San Antonio and 80 miles (129 km) north of Corpus Christi. A Spanish mission, Nuestra Señora del Espíritu Santo Zuñiga (Spanish: “Our Lady of the Holy Spirit of Zuñiga”), and its protective fort, Presidio La Bahía, were established there in 1749 on the site of an Aranama Indian village.

Anthelmintic

2005-01-22T14:36:00.000-08:00

Any of three species of large, slow aquatic mammals found along tropical and subtropical Atlantic coasts and associated inland waters. Dull gray, blackish, or brown in colour, all three manatee species have stout, tapered bodies ending in a flat, rounded tail used for forward propulsion. The forelimbs are modified into flippers; there are no hind

Calcite

2005-01-20T23:22:00.000-08:00

The most common form of natural calcium carbonate (CaCo3), a widely distributed mineral known for the beautiful development and great variety of its crystals. It is polymorphous (same chemical formula but different crystal structure) with the minerals aragonite and vaterite and with several forms that apparently exist only under rather extreme experimental

Mosaic

2005-01-20T06:59:00.000-08:00

In botany, plant disease caused by various strains of several hundred viruses. Symptoms are variable but commonly include irregular leaf mottling (light and dark green or yellow patches or streaks). Leaves are commonly stunted, curled, or puckered; veins may be lighter than normal or banded with dark green or yellow. Plants are often dwarfed, with fruit and flowers

OldLip

Masoud, Ahmad Shah

United Nations

Icarus

Kharijah, Al-

Amorphous Solid, Models of atomic scale structures

Icarus

Chile, Political uncertainty, 192038

Spanish Literature, Drama

Szczecinek

Rouergue

Karakum Desert

Iapetus

Goblin

Paekche

Photography, Technology Of, Gamma radiography

Earth Sciences

Amursk

Wild Boar

China, Constitutional movements after 1905

Mauguin, Charles

Saint Clair's Defeat

Lithuania

Newton

Szymanowski, Karol

Steatite

Austin College

Anhydride

Rabelais, François

Intellectual-property Law

Jhering, Rudolf Von

Indian Philosophy, Relation to the Mimamsa-sutras

China, Decline of the aristocracy

Bruni, Leonardo

China, Decline of the aristocracy

Protein, Other approaches to the determination of protein structure

Abraham Lincoln Battalion

Norfolk

Indian Museum

Kidder, Alfred V(incent)

Ardagh Chalice

Mineral, Halides

Tuwim, Julian

Dzhizak

Metalwork, Pre-Columbian

Akron

Islam, The legacy of Muhammad

Antarctica, The Antarctic Treaty

Gastronomy, Scandinavian

New Castile

Shagari, Alhaji Shehu (usman Aliyu)

Subud

Vignola, Giacomo Da

Shensi, Relief and drainage

Integument, Amphibians

Backhuysen, Ludolf

Appleton, Sir Edward Victor

Perseus

Clothing

Biblical Literature, The significance of Elisha

Fiddle

Lowin, John

Greek Religion, The Hellenistic period

Fibula

'abd Al-mu'min

Anatolian Languages

Usufruct

Maderno, Carlo

Philip

Op Art

Venezuela, Gulf Of

Hohenwart, Karl Siegmund, Graf Von

Quintero, José

Balczó, András

Scanlon, John Patrick

General Council Of Congregational Christian Churches

Cern

Norway, Daily life and social customs

Magnus Ii Eriksson

Rhythm And Blues

Chile, Political uncertainty, 192038

Indian Philosophy, Relation to the Mimamsa-sutras